Welcome to Bayou Teche Dispatches. . . .

Cypress logging raft on the Teche, ca. 1910 (postcard).

Bayou Teche Dispatches is a collection of my writings about south Louisiana history and culture. Often it consists of material I could not use in my books for one reason or another, but which I nonetheless found fascinating.

Some entries are more scholarly than others, but all should be regarded purely as essays, not as formal academic works (though often I cite my sources and on occasion I solicit informal peer review).

In most instances I wrote merely to organize my own thoughts. In any event, I hope you enjoy reading these articles as much as I enjoyed researching and writing them.

If you publish information from these articles, please remember to cite this blog as your source and, if applicable, to supply a return link. Please do not repost articles in their entireties, but short block quotations that fall within range of "fair use" are acceptable.

~ Shane K. Bernard

Please visit the 
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Table of Contents

❧ Gumbo, Bayous, Pirates . . . and Mickey Ears?

Explaining Disney's Fascination with Louisiana

❧ Cajun As "A Fightin' Word"? 

Sometimes, Sometimes Not

❧ Why Do Cajuns Identify as Cajuns?

(And Not as Creoles)

❧ Notes on Emancipation in Louisiana, 1863-1865
When exactly did enslavement in the state end?

❧ Banned in the Classroom: Notes on the Outlawing of French in Louisiana's Public Schools

Opening the door to punishing schoolchildren for speaking French

❧ French and Creole in Louisiana, 2010-2022:

A Very Brief Analysis

Graphing language use in Louisiana

❧ Disappearing Cajuns and Creoles? 

Ethnic Identity and the Limits of Census Data

The challenge of storytelling by numbers

❧ Race, Language, and Culture: A Note on Identity 

in Louisiana

When did racialization first occur in Louisiana?

❧ Cajun, Creole, Acadian, Arcadian: Classical World Connections to South Louisiana

Cajun country vestiges of ancient Greek and Roman culture

❧ Petit Manchac: A Tale of Two Lafayettes

Fact or a misreading of source material?

❧ State of the Genre: Swamp Pop Music in the 21st Century

How is this south Louisiana/southeast Texas sound faring 50+ years after its heyday?

❧ Born of "Elite" White Reactionism?: Assessing Claims about the Rise of Cajun Ethnicity 

Disputing statements that Cajuns appeared only about 50 years ago

❧ Of Cajuns and Creoles: A Brief Historical Analysis
A look at the relationship between these ethnic groups

❧ Notes on the Birth of Cajun Ethnic Identity 
An effort to clarify this important topic

❧ Thoughts on Cajuns and "Whiteness"

Were Cajuns always, or did they become, "white"?

❧ "Prairie de Jacko": Source of the Name?
Notes on an 18th-century place name along the Teche

❧ Notes on the Founding of Opelousas
Did it happen in 1720 or not?

❧ When Jimi Hendrix Appeared on My Father's Live TV Show 
in Lafayette, Louisiana, January 1965
The rock-guitar pioneer visited Lafayette

❧ Electronic Cajuns and Creoles: Early Television
as an Americanizing Agent
TV's impact on these two ethnic groups

❧ A Tool for Fighting Fake News & Conspiracy Theories: Teach Critical Thinking in American Classrooms
"Not what to think, but how to think"

❧ Portrait of a Cajun Woman: Andonia Thibodeaux 
of Bayou Tigre
An old tin-type photograph leads to a literary find

❧ Another Civil War Gunboat on the Teche: The U.S.S. Glide, aka Federal Gunboat No. 43

A legal document reveals the presence of one more gunboat on the bayou

❧ Now Available: My New Book about Bayou Teche
A narrative history of Bayou Teche and journal of canoeing the present-day bayou

❧ A Railroad History of Avery Island
An article I wrote for someone else's blog in 2010

❧ Sur le Teche: Exploring the Bayou by Canoe, Stage 1
Port Barre to Arnaudville

❧ Rough Rider Redux: A Photo of Theodore Roosevelt in Downtown New Iberia?
A forgotten photo of Theodore Roosevelt in Cajun Country

❧ A Fiction Interlude: My Short Story "The Phrenologist"
A short story about racism set in antebellum New Orleans

❧ A Floating Dancehall on the Teche: The Club Sho Boat
A riverboat that became a nightclub and restaurant

❧ A Meteor over Cajun Louisiana: Window on Atomic-Age Anxieties
Confusing a meteor for an atomic bomb

❧ A Film Documents South Louisiana's Logging Industry, ca. 1925: Responsible Stewardship or Environmental Disaster?
Digitized film about cypress logging along the Teche

❧ A Glimpse from 1968: Historic Films Looked at Cajuns and Creoles in Epic Year
Digitized French films capture an important year in south Louisiana history

❧ Now Available: My Children's History of the Cajuns in English and French Editions
Buy my Cajun book for kids so I can pay off my credit card

❧ "Cajuns of the Teche": Bad History, Wartime Propaganda, or Both?
A 1942 film with excellent images, horrible script

❧ A Snake, a Worm, and a Dead End: In Search of the Meaning of "Teche"
Searching for the meaning of the word "Teche"

❧ Galaxies, Bowling and Swamp Pop: Johnny Preston and The Cajuns in Escondido
Examining a Cajun reference in a chain e-mail about old gas stations

❧ Serendipity and Fort Tombecbe: Cooperation between Historians and Archaeologists
Accidentally finding a map of a fort coincidentally excavated by my friend

❧ Notes on Two Nineteenth-Century Engravings of South Louisiana Scenes
Vintage magazine images of Cajun and Creole women

❧ Finding History Right around the Corner: Heroism on the Cajun Home Front
A nearly forgotten World War II landmark a block from my residence

❧ My Father's Childhood Autograph Book on the History Channel?
When Dad met Hank Williams, Sr.

❧ My Oddball Collection of Cajun Warplane Photos
Cajun-themed combat aircraft

❧ Elodie's Gift: A Family Photographic Mystery
An old tin type image given to me by a great-aunt

❧ The Nike-Cajun Rocket: How It Got Its Name
A rocket named "the Cajun"?

❧ Middle Name or Clerical Error?: Joseph Broussard dit Beausoleil and "Gaurhept"
Perpetuation of a historical error

❧ Debunking the Alleged Origin of the Word "Coonass"
Finding a word by accident that wasn't yet supposed to exist

❧ More on That Word "Coonass": A Labor Dispute Trial Documents Its Use in 1940
The earliest known use of this controversial word

❧ "To Err Is Human": Errata from My Books
Everyone makes mistakes

❧ An Old Bull Durham Tobacco Ad in New Iberia, or Palimpsests on the Teche
This vintage advertisement has since been destroyed

❧ Remembering Polycarp: A Cajun TV Show Host for Children
Everyone loved Polycarp!

❧ From Jet Fighters to Football: Origin of the Phrase "Ragin' Cajun"
Where this catchy term originated (as far as anyone knows)

❧ The Elusive André Massé, Pioneer of the Attakapas
An almost mythical explorer of the Teche region

❧ More on the Elusive Andre Massé, Early Settler of the Attakapas District
Revelations about him in a historical document

❧ La Chute: A Waterfall on Bayou Teche?
A waterfall in largely flat south Louisiana

❧ Gumbo in 1764?
The earliest known reference to gumbo in Louisiana

❧ On That Word "Gumbo": Okra, Sassafras, and Baudry's Reports from 1802-1803
More on the history of gumbo in Louisiana

❧ La Pointe de Repos — Early Acadian Settlement Site along the Teche
Colonial-era settlement near present-day Parks, Louisiana

❧ A 1795 Journey up the Teche: Fact, Fiction, or Literary Hoax?
It almost fooled me . . . almost

❧ All the Same Place: Isla Cuarin, Côte de Coiron, Île Petite Anse, Petite Anse Island & Avery Island
Evolution of a place name in the south Louisiana coastal marsh

❧ The Grevembergs, Early Cattle Ranchers of the Attakapas
When someone accidentally transposes two numerals

❧ Tracking the Decline of Cajun French
Research behind the language stats in my book The Cajuns

❧ The Secret CODOFIL Papers
I waited how long for the FBI to release these documents?

❧ Agnus Dei Artifact Found on Banks of Bayou Teche
A religious symbol turns up in the mud at Breaux Bridge

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Gumbo, Bayous, Pirates . . . and Mickey Ears? Explaining Disney's Fascination with Louisiana

I am a Disney fan. I am also a Louisianian, and a south Louisianian at that, if I might draw a distinction between the state’s more French-Catholic southern parishes (unlike other American states, we have parishes, not counties) and its more Anglo-Protestant central and northern parishes.

I meet Mickey.
(Photo: Amy Lançon Bernard)

While much of Louisiana is thoroughly entrenched in the “Bible Belt,” south Louisiana is more firmly rooted in the Latinized and Creolized heritage of French, Spanish, and Afro-Caribbean traditions—even if those traditions are less salient each passing year because of that steamrolling behemoth called Americanization (a topic I wrote about in my 2003 book The Cajuns: Americanization of a People).

My book
The Cajuns:
Americanization of a People

So, as a Disney fan and a south Louisianian, and one of Cajun/Creole ancestry, I am frequently struck by how often south Louisiana appears in all-things-Disney.

Excluding California and Florida, the two states in which Disneyland and Disney World are located, is there any state so often evoked in Disney films, parks, and resorts as Louisiana? Hawaii might come to mind, given the setting of Lilo & Stitch and the location of Aulani resort and spa on Oahu—but on closer inspection even Hawaii is eclipsed by Louisiana. (Much of what at first might seem “Hawaiian” at Disney is in fact more broadly Polynesian or Oceanian, and not an explicit allusion to “the Aloha State.”)(1)

Disney’s fascination with south Louisiana, both inside New Orleans and beyond, can be traced back to an animated short released in 1946, the Disney “tone poem” titled “Blue Bayou.”(2) Accompanied at first by Debussy’s “Clair de Lune,” this short was ultimately set to original music by The Ken Darby Chorus. Intended for inclusion in Fantasia (1940), it instead appeared six years later in Make Mine Music.(3)

Title screen for Blue Bayou (1946).
(Photo © Disney)

“Blue Bayou” does not overtly reference Louisiana—its swamp scenes could have just as well been based on Florida or the Carolinas or any number of other southern states—though the Disney Wiki refers to the film as set “in the loneliness of the Louisiana bayou.”

Scene from Blue Bayou.
(Photo © Disney)

In 1967, however, Disney retroactively codified a link between the film and Louisiana when it used the film’s name for a new Cajun and Creole restaurant in, appropriately enough, Disneyland’s New Orleans Square. (The Blue Bayou restaurant remains in operation today, and Disney runs another south Louisiana-themed Blue Bayou Restaurant in Tokyo Disneyland.)(4)

The Blue Bayou Restaurant
at Disneyland.
(Photo: Wikimedia by Contributor19)

Also in New Orleans Square that same year, Disneyland unveiled one of its most popular, enduring, and influential rides. I refer to Pirates of the Caribbean—a ride that would spawn a series of blockbuster movies set not in south Louisiana, but (as the name suggests) the Caribbean.

However, as one of my mentors, Professor Barry Jean Ancelet, has often noted, Louisiana, or at least its southern region, might be viewed as “the northern tip of the Caribbean world,” or words to this effect. (Barry attributes this expression to someone else, but I first heard it from him.) And so it is not much of disconnect for the original Pirates dark ride to begin, as it still does, not in the Caribbean proper, but, as the Disney Wiki observes, “amid glimmering fireflies during an evening abuzz with the croaking of a bullfrog in a quaint Louisiana bayou . . . at Lafitte’s Landing. . . .”(5) Lafitte, of course, refers to legendary Louisiana-based pirate and privateer Jean Lafitte.

Pirates of the Caribbean,
original promotional art.
(Image © Disney)

Indeed, the Pirates of the Caribbean ride begins in the same space as the south-Louisiana-themed Blue Bayou Restaurant, where diners watch as riders in little boats start the dark-ride experience.

Interestingly, outside in New Orleans Square, near another restaurant called Café Orleans (originally The Creole Cafe), sits an anchor whose commemorative plaque reads “Said to be from a pirate ship commanded by Jean Lafitte in the battle of New Orleans – January 8, 1815.” The plaque continues “It is also said that Lafitte’s privateering ships left a wake of blood from the mainland to Barataria Bay,” an inlet in extreme southeast Louisiana. (The plaque ends with the tongue-in-cheek caveat, “But don’t believe everything you read.”)(6)

Nearby runs New Orleans Street (which connects New Orleans Square with Frontierland), as well as streets named Front, Orleans, and Royal—just as found in the actual New Orleans.

It was also in New Orleans Square, in 1969, that Disneyland unveiled another of its most popular and enduring rides: the original Haunted Mansion, which has inspired attractions at other Disney parks, including Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris and Mystic Manor at Hong Kong Disneyland. The one in California, however, is set in New Orleans and features southern-gothic architecture. (Fittingly, in Disney’s 2003 Haunted Mansion movie featuring Eddie Murphy, the mansion is “located on a remote Louisiana bayou.”)(7)

Haunted Mansion poster,
Disneyland.

(Image © Disney)

Moving from the parks to the resorts, consider that Disney World boasts not one but two intertwined Louisiana-themed hotels, Disney’s Port Orleans Resort-Riverside (originally called Disney’s Dixie Landings Resort) and Disney’s Port Orleans Resort-French Quarter. These hotels feature local-color flourishes called, for instance, Alligator Bayou, Magnolia Bend, Acadian House, and Cajun Campfire. Their food venues offer such Louisiana fare as gumbo, shrimp po’ boys, jambalaya, muffulettas, beignets, pralines, and (if not quite traditional) “Cajun Chicken Salad.”

Port Orleans Resort,
Disney World.
(Photo © Disney)

Some might see Disney’s fascination as purely New Orleans-centric—as concerned primarily with that city, its photogenic French Quarter, tantalizing eateries, and scruffy jazz, blues, and R&B venues. Evidence shows, however, that Disney has long had equal interest in the region’s hinterland.

For example, in Disneyland’s Pirates ride, the old fishing shack seen at the beginning and the animatronic character who inhabits it (known as Beacon Joe or The Old Man in the Bayou) are clearly not in metropolitan New Orleans, but rural south Louisiana.(8) Likewise, Raymond the Cajun firefly, of The Princess and the Frog fame (“Oh I’m a Cajun, brah. Born and bred in the bayou.”),(9) is not an inhabitant of New Orleans proper, but of the peripheral swamplands. (As the Disney Wiki remarks about Ray, “[T]he character was inspired by Cajun culture, an ethnic group in Louisiana. Ray’s character was imbued with Cajun mannerisms and idioms, including the ability to speak French. . . .”)(10)

Ray the Cajun firefly
from The Princess and the Frog.
(Photo © Disney)

And while half the Disney World’s Port Orleans Resort is an architectural paean to the French Quarter in the heart of New Orleans, the other half, Riverside, is (if somewhat uncomfortably in today’s moral climate) a reference to the antebellum plantation homes found not in urban New Orleans, but in south Louisiana’s rural sugar-growing parishes. (As an aside, here in New Iberia, where I live, there is an old door in the Shadows-on-the-Teche historic house signed by Walt Disney—showing he once visited my little corner of south Louisiana.)(11)

And so Disney’s love for south Louisiana extends beyond New Orleans proper to the entire region running from the city south and west through the “Acadiana” parishes—stretching across the Atchafalaya and Teche countries, over the prairies, to the Texas border—a region commonly called “Cajun Country,” but which is also home to a significant Creole population.

Finally, there is the Louisiana theming inherent in Disney’s 2009 animated movie The Princess and the Frog and its associated flume/dark ride called Tiana’s Bayou Adventure, found in both Disneyland and Disney World. Disney’s first African-American princess, Tiana is a young Louisiana woman in the jazz age who aspires to own her own local-fare restaurant—which the filmmakers modeled on Leah Chase’s New Orleans restaurant Dooky Chase.(12) Tiana is thus shown, even as a child, making gumbo—complete with a few shakes of TABASCO® Sauce (the brand whose archives I have managed since 1993).

Early promotional image for
Tiana's Bayou Adventure.
(Photo © Disney)

Nowhere, incidentally, can I find Tiana identified as “Creole”—her last name, Rogers, does not exactly scream “Creole”—nor does the word “Creole” appear in the movie, even as the word “Cajun” appears twice. It is significant, however, that some of the soundtrack music is provided by acclaimed Creole musicians Terrance Simien and the Zydeco Experience, whose version of “Gonna Take You There” greets Tiana’s Bayou Adventure riders both in Disneyland and Disney World.(13)

(Photo © Disney)

Replete with references to jazz, voodoo, swampland “critters,” and various Cajun/Creole themes, the Tiana film and ride celebrate all things Louisiana—or south Louisiana, rather, north Louisiana serving in the film merely as the butt of a joke:

Prince Naveen: Actually, we are from a place far, far away from this world.

Ray: Go to bed. Y’all from Shreveport?(14)

This excellent punchline, delivered by Ray the Cajun firefly, is clearly meant to highlight the perceived “foreignness” or “otherness” of north Louisiana.

When in 2020 Disney resolved to do away with its Splash Mountain ride (and its racially troubling Song of the South theming), it chose to retool the ride as an ode to Princess and the Frog, replete with south Louisiana motifs.(15)

But how to explain away the “mountain” aspect of the original “Splash Mountain,” especially given south Louisiana’s unrelentingly flat terrain?

Disney Imagineers drew inspiration for the revamped attraction’s setting in part from Avery Island, Louisiana, my workplace in coastal Iberia Parish. In fact, those Imagineers visited Avery Island while on a fact-finding tour of Louisiana.(16)

In short, the “mountain” would become a “salt dome,” as Avery Island is. Rising some 165 feet above mean sea level, the real-life salt dome forms an imposing prominence in otherwise completely flat south Louisiana.

Avery Island, a salt dome.
(Photo by the author)

And the tunnels running through the former Splash Mountain? Mining tunnels, left by those digging out the salt.

And Tiana now runs a food company in addition to her restaurant, and what is one of the products that food company makes? Pepper sauce. (It all sounds oddly familiar, doesn't it?)

As Disney itself explains the ride’s backstory, “Tiana purchased the salt mine”—a fictional salt mine, of course, based on, though not meant to be, Avery Island—“and the area surrounding the large salt dome it operated from. . . . [She] revived the old salt mine and the surrounding land, growing a wide array of vegetables, herbs and spices for her recipes. . . . including a line of original hot sauces.” (This is not the first time Avery Island has lent itself to fictional portrayal: it clearly served as the basis for Moonscar Island in the 1998 animated film Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island.)(17)

❧ 

Why, however, this strong, repeated, and sustained Disney connection with Louisiana—a state too often appearing low on good lists and high on bad lists? “Louisiana Is at the Bottom of Another List,” a typical headline reads. “Louisiana Ranked as the Overall Worst State” proclaims another before sardonically adding: “Again.” Yet another declares, “Two New Rankings Place Louisiana among America’s Worst States.”(18) When it comes to health, income, educational attainment—Louisiana repeatedly comes in last, or almost last. (“Thank God for Mississippi!” Louisianians good-naturedly quip about their neighboring state.)

Louisiana excels, however, when it comes to food and music and other cultural exports. These are the saving graces that allow an otherwise broken place to attract such an inordinate amount of love and attention, including from Disney. It did not hurt that Walt Disney himself visited Louisiana and found it fascinating. (It was in New Orleans, incidentally, that Walt bought a mechanical bird that inspired the feathered animatronics of the Enchanted Tiki Room.)(19)

In other words, there is something ineffable about Louisiana—specifically south Louisiana, with its Cajuns and Creoles, jazz, spicy food, and other seemingly “exotic” cultural traits—that allows it to transcend its own shortcomings and appeal so alluringly to outsiders and to the imagination. Much of that “magic,” if we might call it such, has to do with storytelling—about its enchanting people and places. And what is Disney about, above all else, but storytelling? Disney clearly understands that its fans—the movie-going, park-going, and resort-going public—will grasp and even share its admiration for this intriguing region, so unlike the other states and indeed so unlike the rest of its own state.

Notes

(1) In response to those who ask “What about Hawaii?” Much of what in the Disney realm might offhand be considered “Hawaiian” is, on closer examination, not expressly so. For example, it would be incorrect to view Disney World’s Polynesian Village Resort or even the various iterations of the Enchanted Tiki Room strictly as odes to the state of Hawaii. They are in fact, as Disney itself points out, tributes to the South Pacific in general.

And so the Polynesian Resort is meant to represent, as Disney puts it, “an imagined South Pacific paradise” and capture “the spirit of the South Pacific.” This goal is apparent in the names of its “longhouses”—among them, yes, Hawai’i and Maui, but also Bora Bora, Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga, and even Bali Hai, after the fictional island in the book and musical South Pacific.

Likewise, the Enchanted Tiki Room, though undeniably drawing in part on Hawaiian influences, is described by Disney as capturing “the beauty and magic of the Pacific Islands.” Thus, the attraction is not intended to reference Hawaii to the exclusion of other Polynesian islands.

Similarly, it is worth pointing out that Disney’s Moana stories do not take place in Hawaii, but reflect, to cite Disney itself, “the cultures and histories of Oceania” while centering its main characters on a fictional Polynesian island somewhere in the South Pacific.

Devorah Burgess, Walt Disney Archives, “A Day in the Life of a Walt Disney World Guest in 1971,” D23.com [official Disney website], 30 September 2026, https://d23.com/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-walt-disney-world-guest-in-1971/?utm_source=chatgpt.com, accessed 16 October 2026; “Disney’s Polynesian Village Resort,” Disney World, n.d., https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/en_CA/resorts/polynesian-resort/?utm_source=chatgpt.com, accessed 16 October 2026; “Walt Disney’s Enchanted Tiki Room,” Disneyland Resort, n.d., https://disneyland.disney.go.com/attractions/disneyland/enchanted-tiki-room/?utm_source=chatgpt.com, accessed 16 October 2026; “How the Oceanic Cultural Trust Took ‘Moana 2’ to New Depths,” The Walt Disney Company, 6 December 2024, https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/news/oceanic-cultural-trust-moana-2/, accessed 16 October 2026.

(2) Robin Allan, “Walt Disney’s Make Mine Music: A Reassessment,” AWN.com [Animation World Network], 1 April 1999, https://www.awn.com/animationworld/walt-disneys-make-mine-music-reassessment, accessed 14 October 2026.

(3) Ibid.

(4) “Blue Bayou Restaurant,” D23.com [official Disney website], n.d., https://d23.com/a-to-z/blue-bayou-restaurant/, accessed 15 October 2026; “Blue Bayou Restaurant,” The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Blue_Bayou_Restaurant, accessed 14 October 2026.

(5) “Pirates of the Caribbean,” D23.com [official Disney website], n.d., https://d23.com/a-to-z/pirates-of-the-caribbean/, accessed 15 October 2026; “Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction),” The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(attraction)#Attraction_Plot, accessed 14 October 2026.

(6) Jean Lafitte, The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Jean_Lafitte, accessed 14 October 2026.

(7) “Haunted Mansion, The (film),” D23.com [official Disney website], n.d., https://d23.com/a-to-z/haunted-mansion-the-film/, accessed 15 October 2026.

(8) “Beacon Joe,” The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Beacon_Joe, accessed 14 October 2026.

(9) Movie script, The Princess and the Frog, Disney Princess Wiki, n.d., https://disneyprincess.fandom.com/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Frog/Transcript, accessed 14 October 2026.

(10) “Ray,” The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Ray, accessed 14 October 2026.

(11) “See a Door Tagged by Walt Disney at Shadows-on-the-Teche Mansion in Louisiana,” Walt Disney World for Grown Ups, 28 November 2013, https://www.wdwforgrownups.com/articles/see-door-tagged-walt-disney-shadows-teche-mansion-louisiana, accessed 17 October 2026; Phillipe Martin Chatelain, “Lost and  Forgotten Historical 'Graffiti' in the US: Revolutionary War Blood Painting, Walt Disney Autographed Door,” untapped cities, 2 December 2013, https://www.untappedcities.com/lost-forgotten-historical-graffiti-united-states-revolutionary-war-blood-painting-walt-disney-autographed-door/, accessed 17 October 2026.

(12) Carlie Kollath Wells, “New Orleans Chef Leah Chase Was Inspiration for Disney’s Princess Tiana,” Axios.com, 1 June 2023, https://www.axios.com/local/new-orleans/2023/06/01/leah-chase-princess-tiana, accessed 15 October 2026; “Tiana Rogers,” The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Tiana_Rogers, accessed 15 October 2026.

(13) “Disney + Zydeco | Theme Park Ride,” Terrance Simien and the Zydeco Experience, n.d., https://www.terrancesimien.com/disney-park-ride-zydeco/, accessed 14 October 2026; “Terrance Simien,” The Disney Wiki, n.d., https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Terrance_Simien.

(14) Princess and the Frog quotes, IMDb, n.d., https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780521/quotes/?item=qt1137372, accessed 14 October 2026.

(15) Michael Ramirez, “New Adventures with Princess Tiana Coming to Disneyland Park and Magic Kingdom Park,” DisneyParksBlog.com [official Disney site], 25 June 2020, https://disneyparksblog.com/dlr/new-adventures-with-princess-tiana-coming-to-disneyland-park-and-magic-kingdom-park/, accessed 14 October 2026.

(16) Attractions Magazine states “The Imagineers based it off the Avery Island Salt Mine in Louisiana. . . .” The Hollywood Reporter notes, “The team who worked on the attraction also did a bayou tour, looking at details as specific as the flora and fauna, and went to Avery Island and toured a salt dome to help them design the settings for the ride.”

Matt Roseboom, “Splash Mountain Closing Date, Plus New Scene and Characters for Tiana’s Bayou Adventure Ride,” Attractions Magazine, 2 December 2022, https://attractionsmagazine.com/splash-mountain-closing-date-new-scene-characters-tianas-bayou-adventure-ride/, accessed 14 October 2026; Abbey White, “Disney Reveals First Look at Splash Mountain Replacement Attraction Tiana’s Bayou Adventure,” The Hollywood Reporter, 1 July 2022, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/disney-parks-tianas-bayou-adventure-replaces-splash-mountain-1235174927/, accessed 14 October 2026.

Disney Imagineers shot video on Avery Island that can be viewed at “Tiana’s Bayou Adventure Walt Disney Imagineering Research Trip,” Disney Parks [official Disney vlog], 1 July 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyt6Vv_n2XM, accessed 14 October 2026.

(17) Kevin Rafferty, “New Storyline Details Revealed for Tiana’s Bayou Adventure,” Disney Parks [official Disney site], 3 February 2023, https://disneyparksblog.com/disney-experiences/new-storyline-details-revealed-for-tianas-bayou-adventure/, accessed 15 October 2026.

(18) Rita Lebleu, “Louisiana Is at the Bottom of Another List, but One Area Business Leader Advises Not Taking These Rankings Too Seriously,” (Lake Charles) American Press, 20 May 2023, https://americanpress.com/2023/05/20/louisiana-is-at-the-bottom-of-another-list-but-one-area-business-leader-advises-not-taking-these-rankings-too-seriously/, accessed 12 October 2026; Presley Bo Tyler, “Louisiana Ranked as the Overall Worst State, Again, and Here’s Why,” Shreveport Times, 30 July 2026, https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/local/louisiana/2026/07/30/why-is-louisiana-considered-the-worst-state-us-news-ranking-50th-education-safety-healthcare-money/91095297007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z110101p000150c000150e004910v110101&gca-ft=220&gca-ds=sophi, accessed 12 October 2026; Gray Louisiana [sic], “Two New Rankings Place Louisiana among America’s Worst States,” Fox8Live.com [WVUE-TV, New Orleans], 13 July 2026, https://www.fox8live.com/2026/07/13/two-new-rankings-place-louisiana-among-americas-worst-states/.

(19) The New Orleans/mechanical bird story is attested in Mike Scott, “How Disney Audio Animatronics Got Its Start in New Orleans – With a Toy Bird Walt Bought,” NOLA.com, 25 June 2024, https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/how-disney-audio-animatronics-got-its-start-in-new-orleans/article_649bd7f0-2f49-11ef-9356-9bc87570d8cf.html, accessed 12 October 2026; Michael Broggie, Walt Disney’s Railroad Story (Virginia Beach, Va.: The Donning Company, 2006), p. 186; The Imagineers [authors], Walt Disney Imagineering: A Behind the Dreams Look at Making the Magic Real (Disney Editions, 2009), 118. See also Becky Cline, “Walt Disney’s Love Letter to New Orleans,” DisneyParksBlog.com [official Disney site], 8 June 2024, https://disneyparksblog.com/disney-experiences/walt-disneys-love-letter-to-new-orleans/, accessed 12 October 2026.